1. Althausen PL, Hak DJ. Lower extremity traction pins: Indications, technique, and complications. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2002;31:43‑7.
2. Lowe JA, Rister J, Eastman J, Freind J. Injury to neurovascular structures with insertion of traction pins around the knee. J Orthop 2015;12:S79‑82.
3. Austin DC, Donegan D, Mehta S. Low complication rates associated with the application of lower extremity traction pins. J Orthop Trauma 2015;29:e259‑65. 4. Specht LM, Gupta S, Egol KA, Koval KJ. Heterotopic ossification of the quadriceps following distal femoral traction: A report of three cases and a review of the literature. J Orthop Trauma 2004;18:241‑6.
5. Taylor BC, Bramwell TJ, Formaini N. Gas gangrene as a result of femoral traction pin placement. Case Rep Orthop 2011;2011:459812.
6. Liporace FA, Yoon RS, Kesani AK. Transient common peroneal nerve palsy following skeletal tibial traction in a morbidly obese patient – Case report of a preventable complication. Patient Saf Surg 2012;6:4.
7. Linn MS, Indresano AA, Schwartz A. Popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm: An unusual complication of tibial traction. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2015;44:E156‑9.
8. Bumpass DB, Ricci WM, McAndrew CM, Gardner MJ. A prospective study of pain reduction and knee dysfunction comparing femoral skeletal traction and splinting in adult trauma patients. J Orthop Trauma 2015;29:112‑8.
9. Casey D, McConnell T, Parekh S, Tornetta P 3rd. Percutaneous pin placement in the medial calcaneus: Is anywhere safe? J Orthop Trauma 2004;18:S39‑42.
10. Ahlborg HG, Josefsson PO. Pin‑tract complications in external fixation of fractures of the distal radius. Acta Orthop Scand 1999;70:116‑8.
11. Camathias C, Valderrabano V, Oberli H. Routine pin tract care in external fixation is unnecessary: A randomised, prospective, blinded controlled study. Injury 2012;43:1969‑73.
12. Cavusoglu AT, Er MS, Inal S, Ozsoy MH, Dincel VE, Sakaogullari A. Pin site care during circular external fixation using two different protocols. J Orthop Trauma 2009;23:724‑30.
13. Egol KA, Paksima N, Puopolo S, Klugman J, Hiebert R, Koval KJ. Treatment of external fixation pins about the wrist: A prospective, randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:349‑54.
14. Hutson JJ Jr., Zych GA. Treatment of comminuted intraarticular distal femur fractures with limited internal and external tensioned wire fixation. J Orthop Trauma 2000;14:405‑13.
15. Hutson JJ Jr., Zych GA. Infections in periarticular fractures of the lower extremity treated with tensioned wire hybrid fixators. J Orthop Trauma 1998;12:214‑8.
16. Kirby CK, Fitts WT. The incidence of complications in the use of transfixion pins and wires for skeletal traction. Ann Surg 1946;123:27‑31.
17. Patterson MM. Multicenter pin care study. Orthop Nurs 2005;24:349‑60. 18. Nigam V, Jaiswal A, Dhaon BK. Local antibiotics: Panacea for long term skeletal traction. Injury 2005;36:199‑202.
19. Lethaby A, Temple J, Santy‑Tomlinson J. Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;12:CD004551.