1. Kuschner SH, Lane CS. Recurrent fracture of the humerus in a softball
player. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 1999;28(11):654–6. [PubMed:
10588474].
2. Bingham EL. Fractures of the humerus from muscular violence. U S
Armed Forces Med J. 1959;10(1):22–5. [PubMed: 13625441].
3. Chao SL, Miller M, Teng SW. A mechanism of spiral fracture of the
humerus: a report of 129 cases following the throwing of hand
grenades. J Trauma. 1971;11(7):602–5. [PubMed: 5555684].
4. DevasMB.Stress Fractures in Children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1963;45:528–
41. [PubMed: 14058330].
5. DiCicco JD, Mehlman CT, Urse JS. Fracture of the shaft of the humerus
secondary to muscular violence. J Orthop Trauma. 1993;7(1):90–3.
[PubMed: 8433208].
6. Evans PA, Farnell RD, Moalypour S, McKeever JA. Thrower’s fracture: a
comparison of two presentations of a rare fracture. J Accid Emerg Med.
1995;12(3):222–4. [PubMed: 8581257].
7. Gregersen HN. Fractures of the humerus from muscular violence.
Acta Orthop Scand. 1971;42(6):506–12. [PubMed: 5144200].
8. Kaplan H, Kiral A, Kuskucu M, Arpacioglu MO, Sarioglu A, Rodop O.
Report of eight cases of humeral fracture following the throwing of
hand grenades. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1998;117(1-2):50–2. [PubMed:
9457337].
9. Ogawa K, Yoshida A. Throwing fracture of the humeral shaft. An
analysis of 90 patients. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(2):242–6. [PubMed:
9548118].
10. Reed WJ, Mueller RW. Spiral fracture of the humerus in a ball thrower.
Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16(3):306–8. [PubMed: 9596440].
11. Sabick MB, Torry MR, Kim YK, Hawkins RJ. Humeral torque in professional
baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(4):892–8. [PubMed:
15150034].
12. Santavirta S, Kiviluoto O. Transverse fracture of the humerus in a
shotputter: a case report. Am J Sports Med. 1977;5(3):122–3. [PubMed:
860774].
13. NADA . Official Rules Chicago: National Amateur Dodgeball Association;
2007. [updated 2015]. Available from: http://www.dodgeballusa.
com/rules.
14. IDA . Official dodgeball rules Vancouver: International Dodgeball Assocation;
2013. [updated 2015]. Available from: http://playdodgeball.
org/official-dodgeball-rules.
15. NDL . US: National Dodgeball League; 2013. Available from: http://
thendl.com/theNDL-Dodgeball-101.asp.
16. MLB . US: Major League Baseball; 2013. Available from: http://mlb.mlb.
com/mlb/downloads/y2013/official_baseball_rules.pdf.
17. Wang Z, Sakurai S, Shimizu T. Kinetics Of Dodgeball Throwing With
An Implication About Injury Mechanisms Of Elbow Joint. 1. Michigan:
International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports; 2010.
18. Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Escamilla RF, Andrews JR. Biomechanics
of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. Sports Med.
1996;21(6):421–37. [PubMed: 8784962].
19. Dillman CJ, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of pitching with
emphasis upon shoulder kinematics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.
1993;18(2):402–8. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1993.18.2.402. [PubMed: 8364594].
20. Feltner M,DapenaJ.Dynamicsof the ShoulderandElbowJoints of the
Throwing Arm During a Baseball Pitch. J Appl Biomech. 1986;4(2):235–
59.
21. Pappas AM, Zawacki RM, Sullivan TJ. Biomechanics of baseball pitching.
A preliminary report.AmJ Sports Med. 1985;13(4):216–22. [PubMed:
4025673].
22. Glousman R, Jobe F, Tibone J, Moynes D, Antonelli D, Perry J. Dynamic
electromyographic analysis of the throwing shoulder with glenohumeral
instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70(2):220–6. [PubMed:
3343266].
23. Gowan ID, Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Perry J, Moynes DR. A comparative
electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching. Professional
versus amateur pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(6):586–90.
[PubMed: 3425786].
24. Werner SL, Fleisig GS, Dillman CJ, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of the elbowduring
baseball pitching. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;17(6):274–
8. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1993.17.6.274. [PubMed: 8343786].
25. Schopfer A, Hearn TC, Malisano L, Powell JN, Kellam JF. Comparison
of torsional strength of humeral intramedullary nailing: a cadaveric
study. J Orthop Trauma. 1994;8(5):414–21. [PubMed: 7996325].
26. Hershman EB, Mailly T. Stress fractures. Clin Sports Med. 1990;9(1):183–
214. [PubMed: 2404618].
27. Sprenger TR. Fracture of humerus from muscular violence: case report.
J Fla Med Assoc. 1985;72(2):101–3. [PubMed: 4056714].
28. Tullos HS, Erwin WD,Woods GW,Wukasch DC, Cooley DA, King JW. Unusual
lesions of the pitching arm. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;88:169–82.
[PubMed: 5086567].
29. Jones HH, Priest JD, Hayes WC, Tichenor CC, Nagel DA. Humeral hypertrophy
in response to exercise. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(2):204–8.
[PubMed: 845205].
30. Sakai K, Kiriyama Y, Kimura H, Nakamichi N, Nakamura T, Ikegami H,
et al. Computer simulation of humeral shaft fracture in throwing. J
Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19(1):86–90. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2009.05.006.
[PubMed: 19574067].
31. Brukner P. Stress fractures of the upper limb. Sports Med.
1998;26(6):415–24. [PubMed: 9885097].
32. Peltokallio P, Peltokallio V, Vaalasti T. Fractures of the humerus from
muscular voilence in sport. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1968;8(1):21–5.
[PubMed: 5657942].
33. Colapinto MN, Schemitsch EH, Wu L. Ball-thrower’s fracture of the
humerus. CMAJ. 2006;175(1):31. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.060378. [PubMed:
16818904].
34. Kim SJ, Lee SH, Son H, Lee BG. Surgical result of plate osteosynthesis
using a locking plate system through an anterior humeral approach
for distal shaft fracture of the humerus that occurred during a throwing
motion. Int Orthop. 2016;40(7):1489–94. doi: 10.1007/s00264-015-
2895-3. [PubMed: 26202018].
)