ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Social and Medical Determinants of Burn-Related Mortality in Isfahan, Iran
Background: Burns and heat-related injuries often lead to mortality and great financial and social costs. This study aimed at investigating the social determinants of burn-related mortalities in a burn specialized hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional data secondary analysis study was conducted through the data related to burn patients hospitalized to bur specialized Imam Musa Kazim hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in a 4-year period. The data were extracted using Hospital’s Information System, and analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Results: Among 3290 burn patients, 740 (22.49%) had passed away. The highest mortality percentage was observed in women (31.1%), aged higher than 60 years old (35.8%), in patients with low-financial status (27.4%), patients come from cities other than Isfahan (25.4%), and in Total Burn Surface Area (TBSA) of higher than 71% (86.6%). The results of logistic regression test showed that burn-related mortality is 50% lower in men compared to women (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50), 16% lower in 41-60 years of age group compared to over 60 years of age group (OR = 0.16), 41% higher in people with low financial status compared to those with high financial status (OR = 1.41) and 4% lower in peoplewith 31–70 TBSA compared to those with TBCA higher than 71% (OR = 0.04). Conclusion: Bur related mortality could be associated with treatment and health care as well as social factors. Therefore, parallel to hospital care and physical conditions of the burn patients, social factors including gender, age, income level, and place residence need to be addressed in burn policies to reduce burn-related mortalities.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118980_89ee6f6c28a2c061e2e9a6db89dc29c2.pdf
2020-07-01
99
105
Burns
Hospital
mortality
Social factors
Mohammad Javad
Mohammadzade
1
Department of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mostafa Amini
Rarani
2
School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahmoud
Keyvanara
3
Department of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences and Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Panjeshahin MR, Lari AR, Talei A, Shamsnia J, Alaghehbandan R. Epidemiology and mortality of burns in the South West of Iran. Burns 2001;27:219-26.
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2. World Health Organization. AWHO Plan for Burn Prevention and Care. World Health Organization; 2008.
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5. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control: Web-Based Injury and Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS™) Injury Mortality Reports, 1981–2016. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control; 2018. Available from: http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/ mortrate9.html. [Last accessed on 2018 Nov 04].
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6. Peck MD. Epidemiology of burns throughout the world. Part I: Distribution and risk factors. Burns 2011;37:1087-100.
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7. Outwater AH, Ismail H, Mgalilwa L, Justin Temu M, Mbembati NA. Burns in tanzania: morbidity and mortality, causes and risk factors: A review. Int J Burns Trauma 2013;3:18-29.
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9. Smolle C, Cambiaso-Daniel J, Forbes AA, Wurzer P, Hundeshagen G, Branski LK, et al. Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns 2017;43:249-57.
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10. Cheng W, Wang S, Shen C, Zhao D, Li D, Shang Y. Epidemiology of Hospitalized Burns Patients in China: A Systematic Review. Burns Open. 2018;2:8-16.
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11. Solar O, Irwin A. A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health; 2010.
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12. Amir Alavi S, Mobayen MR, Tolouei M, Noursalehi I, Gholipour AG, Gholamalipour N, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of burn injuries in burn patients in Guilan province Iran. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2013;7:35-41.
12
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14. Rae L, Pham TN, Carrougher G, Honari S, Gibran NS, Arnoldo BD, et al. Differences in resuscitation in morbidly obese burn patients may contribute to high mortality. J Burn Care Res 2013;34:507-14.
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15. Xu H, Gu J, Lau JT, Zhong Y, Fan L, Zhao Y, et al. Misconceptions toward methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and associated factors among new MMT users in Guangzhou, China. Addict Behav 2012;37:657-62.
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16. Wardhana A, Basuki A, Prameswara AD, Rizkita DN, Andarie AA, Canintika AF. The epidemiology of burns in Indonesia’s national referral burn center from 2013 to 2015. Burns Open 2017;1:67-73.
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17. Batra AK. Burn mortality: Recent trends and sociocultural determinants in rural India. Burns 2003;29:270-5.
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18. Theodorou P, Xu W, Weinand C, Perbix W, Maegele M, Lefering R, et al. Incidence and treatment of burns: A twenty-year experience from a single center in Germany. Burns 2013;39:49-54.
18
19. Parvareh M, Hajizadeh M, Rezaei S, Nouri B, Moradi G, Esmail Nasab N. Epidemiology and socio-demographic risk factors of self-immolation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns 2018;44:767-75.
19
20. Kumar S, Ali W, Verma AK, Pandey A, Rathore S. Epidemiology and mortality of burns in the Lucknow Region, India—a 5 year study. Burns 2013;39:1599-605.
20
21. Shahabi Shahmiri S, Kolahdouzan M, Omrani A, Khazaei M, Salehi H, Motavalian A, et al. Determinants of mortality and the lethal area 50 index (LA50) in Burn patients admitted to a large burn center; A single center experience. Bull Emerg Trauma 2017;5:184-9.
21
22. Al-Shamsi M, Othman N. The epidemiology of burns in Basra, Iraq. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2017;30:167-71.
22
23. He S, Alonge O, Agrawal P, Sharmin S, Islam I, Mashreky SR, et al. Epidemiology of Burns in Rural Bangladesh: An Update. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14: pii: E381.
23
24. Queiroz LF, Anami EH, Zampar EF, Tanita MT, Cardoso LT, Grion CM. Epidemiology and outcome analysis of burn patients admitted to an intensive care unit in a university hospital. Burns 2016;42:655-62.
24
25. Soltani K, Zand R, Mirghasemi A. Epidemiology and mortality of burns in Tehran, Iran. Burns 1998;24:325-8.
25
26. Tripathee S, Basnet SJ. Epidemiology of burn injuries in Nepal: A systemic review. Burns Trauma 2017;5:10.
26
27. Baqir SM, Ejaz K. Role of Pre-Hospital Care and Ambulance Services in Karachi; 2011.
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28. Shrivastava P, Goel A. Pre-hospital care in burn injury. Indian J Plast Surg 2010;43:S15-22.
28
29. Spanholtz TA, Theodorou P, Amini P, Spilker G. Severe burn injuries: Acute and long-term treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009;106:607-13.
29
30. Tung KY, Chen ML, Wang HJ, Chen GS, Peck M, Yang J, et al. A seven-year epidemiology study of 12,381 admitted burn patients in Taiwan—using the Internet registration system of the Childhood Burn Foundation. Burns 2005;31 Suppl 1:S12-7.
30
31. Ahmadabadi A, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Sedaghat A, Tavousi SH, Khorrampazhouh N, Mohsenpour A, et al. Lethal area 50 percent (LA50) or standardized mortality ratio (SMR): Which one is more conclusive? Burns 2018;44:1468-74.
31
32. Li H, Wang S, Tan J, Zhou J, Wu J, Luo G. Epidemiology of pediatric burns in southwest China from 2011 to 2015. Burns 2017;43:1306-17.
32
33. Chien WC, Pai L, Lin CC, Chen HC. Epidemiology of hospitalized burns patients in Taiwan. Burns 2003;29:582-8.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Hospitalization Due to Traffic Accidents among the Elderly, Shiraz, 2018; Mortality, Severity, and Injury Pattern
Background: Aging results in declined function, which leads to loss of capacity and respond to injury. Hence, the duration of treatment after traffic accident increases in these patients. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting the elderly hospitalization. Study Design: This was a cross‑sectional study. Materials and Methods: This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 768 trauma patients aged 65 years and more due to traffic injuries, referred to Rajaee (Emtiaz) hospital trauma referral center, Shiraz, Iran, in 2018. Data were collected through the hospital’s health information system, as well as readings and encoding patient’s clinical records. Poisson regression was performed to evaluate the partial effects of each covariate on geriatric trauma patients. Results: The mean age of injured patients was 73.27 ± 6.88 years, of which 7.29% expired. Extremities and externals (58.20%) and head and neck (18.36%) were the most commonly injured regions of the body. Each year after 65 led to 0.03 times increase in the length of hospitalization. The male’s hospital stay was 1.15 times more than females. Conclusion: According to the results, length of hospitalization had a direct correlation with agin among elderly trauma patients. Since the elderly population is on the rise, it is necessary for the policymakers to come up with preventive measures to reduce the number of accidents and casualties.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118981_d4e86c6dcfbda7d051efccef84490406.pdf
2020-07-01
106
110
Elderly
hospitalizations
Traffic Accidents
Mahnaz
Yadollahi
1
Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Forough
Pazhuheian
2
Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Kazem
Jamali
3
Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Hadi Niakan
4
Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Statistics NCfH. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities; 2016.
1
2. Herman J, Ameratunga S, Jackson R. Burden of road traffic injuries and related risk factors in low and middle‑income Pacific Island countries and territories: A systematic review of the scientific literature (TRIP 5). BMC Public Health 2012;12:479.
2
3. Hosseini SR, Moslehi A, Hamidian SM, Taghian SA. The relation between chronic diseases and disability in elderly of Amirkola. Iran J Ageing 2014;9:80‑7.
3
4. López-Soto PJ, Morales-Cané I, Smolensky MH, Manfredini R, DiosGuerra C, Rodríguez-Borrego MA, Carmona-Torres JM. Gender, socioeconomic, medical, and environmental factors related to domestic accidents of the elderly in Spain. Findings of a national survey. Women and health. 2019;59:985-96.
4
5. Yadollahi M, Mahmoudi A, Niakan M, Dashti MF. Evaluating Risk Factors of Geriatric Trauma Mortality by Logistic Regression; A Cross-Sectional Study in 2011-2016. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2018;20.
5
6. Mowery NT, Dougherty SD, Hildreth AN, Holmes JH 4th, Chang MC, Martin RS, et al. Emergency department length of stay is an independent predictor of hospital mortality in trauma activation patients. J Trauma 2011;70:1317‑25. 7. Glance LG, Stone PW, Mukamel DB, Dick AW. Increases in mortality, length of stay, and cost associated with hospital‑acquired infections in trauma patients. Arch Surg 2011;146:794‑801.
6
8. Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Carnazzo AJ, Copes W, Fouty WJ. Trauma score. Crit Care Med 1981;9:672‑6.
7
9. Abbasi H, Bolandparvaz S, Yadollahi M, Anvar M, Farahgol Z. Time distribution of injury‑related in‑hospital mortality in a trauma referral center in South of Iran (2010‑2015). Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e6871.
8
10. Jalalvandi F, Esmaeilivand M, Faramani SR. Assessing frequency of trauma among elderly attending to Taleghani hospital in Kermanshah during the first six months of 2008. J Geriatr Nurs 2015;1:47‑54.
9
11. Hatamabadi H, Rafieenejad A, Moghaddam MA, Sum S. A study on consequences of fall among elderly people referred to Emam Hossein hospital in Tehran city during 2010-2011. SALMAND. 2014;9:54-61.
10
12. Hadinejad Z, Talebi H, Masdari F. Trauma epidemiology among rescued elderly clients in pre‑hospital emergency department of Mazandaran. Iran J Ageing 2017;12:372‑83.
11
13. Tavakoli H, Ahmadi Amoli H, Yaghoubi Notash A, Adelyazdankhah Konari A, Gholkhani F, Khashayar P. Trauma-related morbidity and mortality in elderly patients. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2009;4.
12
14. Richter M, Pape HC, Otte D, Krettek C. The current status of road user injuries among the elderly in Germany: A medical and technical accident analysis. J Trauma 2005;58:591‑5.
13
15. Zohrevandi B, Asadi P, Kasmaei VM, Ziabari SM, Tajik H, Marefati F. An epidemiologic study of trauma in elderly diabetic patients: A preliminary report. Iran J Emerg Med 2015;2:39‑44.
14
16. Lee WY, Cameron PA, Bailey MJ. Road traffic injuries in the elderly. Emerg Med J 2006;23:42‑6.
15
17. Bull J. The injury severity score of road traffic casualties in relation to mortality time of death hospital treatment time and disability. Accid Anal Prev 1975;7:249‑55.
16
18. Andersen J, Sharkey W, Schwartz ML, McLellan BA. Injury severity score, head injury, and patient wait days: Contributions to extended trauma patient length of stay. J Trauma 1992;33:219‑20.
17
19. Jubbal KT, Chen C, Costantini T, Herrera F, Dobke M, Suliman A. Analysis of surfing injuries presenting in the acute trauma setting. Ann Plast Surg 2017;78:S233‑7.
18
20. Böhmer AB, Just KS, Lefering R, Paffrath T, Bouillon B, Joppich R, et al. Factors influencing lengths of stay in the intensive care unit for surviving trauma patients: A retrospective analysis of 30,157 cases. Crit Care 2014;18:R143.
19
21. Hsieh CH, Liu HT, Hsu SY, Hsieh HY, Chen YC. Motorcycle‑related hospitalizations of the elderly. Biomed J 2017;40:121‑8.
20
22. Haghparast‑Bidgoli H, Saadat S, Bogg L, Yarmohammadian MH, Hasselberg M. Factors affecting hospital length of stay and hospital charges associated with road traffic‑related injuries in Iran. BMC Health Serv Res 2013;13:281.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Trend of Mortality Rate Due to Drowning in Iran (2013–2018)
Background and Objectives: According to the World Health Organization, drowning is the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury‑related deaths worldwide, accounting for 360,000 annual deaths and 7% of all injury‑related deaths. Low‑ and middle‑income countries are the most affected, accounting for 90% of unintentional drowning deaths. This study aimed to calculate the rate of drowning mortality rate and to investigate its trend in Iran. Materials and Methods: Information on death due to drowning in Iran was extracted from Iranian Legal Medicine Organization. The crude mortality rate was calculated each year according to gender and province of the country. To examine the trend for different years, joinpoint regression was used. Results: From 2013 to 2018, a total of 5853 persons suffered from fatal drowning in Iran. The crude mortality rate in men was significantly higher than in women. The drowning mortality rate has decreased during the study period in both genders. The annual percent change in mortality rate was 3.2%. Conclusions: Although the death rate from drowning has declined in the country, targeted scale‑up of known effective interventions such as swimmers supervision and basic survival skills are still needed for reducing mortality due to drowning, particularly in provinces with high mortality rates.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118982_4226fb8ba322196839ac8f2cdae036bc.pdf
2020-07-01
111
115
Crude mortality rate
Drowning
Iran
Trend
Fatemeh
Shahbazi
1
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed
Davood Mirtorabi
2
Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Amir Hosein
Mahdavi
3
Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Saeed
Hashemi Nazari
4
Department of Epidemiology, Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Kiakalayeh AD, Mohammadi R, Ekman DS, Chabok SY, Janson B. Unintentional drowning in northern Iran: A population‑based study. Accid Anal Prev 2008;40:1977‑81.
1
2. World Health Organization. Global Report on Drowning Preventing a Leading Killer. World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/news‑room/fact‑sheets/detail/drowning. [Last accessed on 2016 Nov 2019; [Last accessed on 2020 Feb 18].
2
3. Rahman A, Mashreky SR, Chowdhury SM, Giashuddin MS, Uhaa IJ, Shafinaz S, et al. Analysis of the childhood fatal drowning situation in Bangladesh: Exploring prevention measures for low‑income countries. Inj Prev 2009;15:75‑9.
3
4. Kiakalayeh AD, Mohammadi R, Ekman DS, Chabok SY, Janson B. Unintentional drowning in northern Iran: a population-based study. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2008;40:1977-81.
4
5. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380:2095‑128.
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6. Naghavi M. Death Figures 2004. Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran. Tehran, IR Iran; 2004.
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7. Mosayebi Z, Movahedian AH, Mousavi GA. Drowning in children in Iran: Outcomes and prognostic factors. Med J Malaysia 2011;66:187‑90.
7
8. Akbapour S, Jafari N, Khosravi A, Soori H. Pattern of drowning and its burden in Northern provinces of Iran (Gilan and Mazandaran) in 2008. Iran J Epidemiol 2011;7;38‑43.
8
9. Davoudi Kiakalayeh A, Dalal K, Yousefzade Chabok Sh, Jansson B, Mohammadi R. Costs related to drowning and near‑drowning in Northern Iran (Guilan province). Ocean Coastal Manag 2011;54:250‑5.
9
10. Derakhshan P, Moghaddam SS, Saadat S, Ghanbari A, Rezaei N, Khosravi S, et al. Trends in the drowning mortality rate in Iran. Injury prevention. 2019:injuryprev-2019-043225.
10
11. Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD 2016) Results [Internet], 2016. Available: https:// vizhub. Healthdata. org/ gbd- compare. [Last Accessed on 2020 Feb 18].
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12. Mirzamani M, Mohammadi MR, Besharat MA. Post‑traumatic stress disorder symptoms of children following the occurrence of Tehran City Park disaster. J Psychol 2006;140:181‑6.
12
13. Tan RM. The epidemiology and prevention of drowning in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2004;45:324‑9.
13
14. Suresh Kumar Shetty B, Shetty M. Epidemiology of drowning in Mangalore, a coastal Taluk of South India. J Forensic Leg Med 2007;14:410‑5. 15. Alpert B. Bathtub drowning: Unintentional, neglect, or abuse. Med Health R I 2003;86:385‑6.
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16. Tyler MD, Richards DB, Reske‑Nielsen C, Saghafi O, Morse EA, CareyR, et al. The epidemiology of drowning in low‑ and middle‑income countries: A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2017;17:413.
15
17. Monsef V, Asadi P, Maleki Ziabari SM. Comparative study of drowned cases who had been assisted by relief of Guilan’s EMS in the first six months of 2011‑2012. Iran J Forensic Med 2014;19:275‑81.
16
18. Divsalar A, Khademi A. Investigation of drownings in Mazandaran province in 2007. Forensic Sci J 2010;16:7‑13.
17
19. Thompson DC, Rivara F. Pool fencing for preventing drowning of children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998.
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20. Kolahdoozan A, Dinpajooh Y, Mirabbasi NR. Effect of Zayandehrood River Dry Becoming on Najafabad Aquifer Oscillations During the Past two Decades; 2015.
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21. Pesyan BV, Porakrami M, Mehrbani FB, Porakrami S. The Investigation of Lake Urmia Drying Trend and Its Important Consequence on the Surrounding Settlements. Journal of Rural Research. 2017;8:438-53.
20
22. Legal Medicine Organization. Report of Drowning Mortality in Iran by Iran Legal Medicine Organization Tehran: Forensic Medicine Research Center; 2018 [Last cited on 2020 July 01].
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Age on Driving Performance in Iran Using Driving Simulator
Background and Objectives: Nearly 16,000 people are killed in driving accidents in Iran each year. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine the effect of age on driving performance, using a driving simulator. Methods: This cross‑sectional study was carried out on 16 young drivers, 16 middle‑aged drivers, and 16 elderly drivers in Tehran. Driving simulators were used to check the drivers’ performances. The main scenario was driving on a freeway at an average speed of 50 km/h, when pedestrians suddenly appeared at a distance of 40 m and the drivers had to brake immediately after noticing the pedestrian. The time interval between the emergence of the pedestrian an stepping on the brake pedal was continuously recorded as the reaction time and the amount of vehicle deviation from the center of the road as the lateral deviation of the vehicle. The drivers’ mental workload was recorded after the simulated driving test, using the verbal online subjective opinion scale. Results: The elderly drivers had the highest mean reaction time, 963.8 ms, and there was no significant difference between the mean reaction time for youth and middle‑aged drivers (858.3 ms vs. 860 ms). Elderly drivers showed high lateral deviation, 0.69 m, and mental workload, 6.19, whereas youth drivers had the lowest lateral deviation (0.55 m) and mental workload (3.60). MANOVA revealed a significant effect of age (Pillai’s trace, V = 0.55, P < 0.001). Univariate ANOVA showed that age significantly affected the lateral deviation (P < 0.001) and mental workload (P < 0.001), but reaction time wa not age dependent (P = 0.101). Poisson regression revealed no significant effect for age on the number of collisions (P = 0.357). Conclusion: Based on the variables under study, driving performance of the elderly group was poor as compared to that of the middle‑aged and young ones. Old drivers were subjected to greater mental workload when responding to thestimulus of the driving environment.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118983_919e962a70be246073273f918e7d98b1.pdf
2020-07-01
116
123
age
lateral deviation
modified cooper‑harper scale
Reaction Time
verbal online subjective opinion scale
Iraj
Alimohammadi
1
Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Occupational Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Nammam Ali
Azadi
2
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zabihollah
Damiri
3
Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hossein
Ebrahimi
4
Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Yeganeh
5
2Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Mahdian M, Sehat M, Fazel MR, Moraveji A, Mohammadzadeh M. Epidemiology of urban traffic accident victims hospitalized more than 24 hours in a level III trauma center, Kashan County, Iran, During 2012‑2013. Arch Trauma Res 2015;4:e28465.
1
2. Organization, I.l.m. Annual Statistic; 3.9 Percents Decrease of Traffic Accidents Fatalities in 1395 Hijri; 2017. Available from: http://www.lmo.ir/ index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=2316&newsview=28257. [Last accessed on 2017 Feb 05].
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3. Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, Mathers C. World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
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4. Petrov AI. Road traffic accident rate as an indicator of the quality of life. Econ Soc Changes Facts 2016;3:154‑72.
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5. Alimohammadi I, Farshad AA, Falahati M, Mousavi B. The effects of road traffic noise on the students’ errors in movement time anticipation; the role of introversion. Iran Occup Health J 2012;9:52‑9.
5
6. Rovšek V, Batista M, Bogunović B. Identifying the key risk factors of traffic accident injury severity on Slovenian roads using a non‑parametric classification tree. Transport 2017;32:272‑81.
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7. Sugiyanto G, Santi MY. Road traffic accident cost using human capital method (Case study in Purbalingga, Central Java, Indonesia). J Teknol (Sci Eng) 2017;79:107-16.
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9. Young G, Zavelina L, Hooper V. Assessment of workload using NASA Task Load Index in perianesthesia nursing. J PeriAnesthe Nurs 2008;23:102‑10.
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10. Brookhuis KA, de Waard D. Monitoring drivers’ mental workload in driving simulators using physiological measures. Accid Anal Prev 2010;42:898‑903. 11. Ryu K, Myung R. Evaluation of mental workload with a combined measure based on physiological indices during a dual task of tracking and mental arithmetic. Int J Ind Ergon 2005;35:991‑1009.
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12. Martin PL, Audet Th, Corriveau H, Hamel M, D’Amours M, Smeesters C. Comparison between younger and older drivers of the effect of obstacle direction on the minimum obstacle distance to brake and avoid a motor vehicle accident. Accid Anal Prev 2010;42:1144-50.
11
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14. Warshawsky‑Livne L, Shinar D. Effects of uncertainty, transmission type, driver age and gender on brake reaction and movement time. J Safety Res 2002;33:117‑28.
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19. De Waard D. Mental workload. Human Factors for Highway Engineers. In: Fuller, R., Stantos, J.A. (Eds.). Pergamon, Oxford, p. p. 161–72. 2002.
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22. McGwin G Jr., Brown DB. Characteristics of traffic crashes among young, middle‑aged, and older drivers. Accid Anal Prev 1999;31;181‑98.
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24. Cantin V, Lavallière M, Simoneau M, Teasdale N. Mental workload when driving in a simulator: Effects of age and driving complexity. Accid Anal Prev 2009;41:763‑71.
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26. Fisher DL, Laurie NE, Glaser R, Connerney K, Pollatsek A, Duffy SA, et al. Use of a fixed‑base driving simulator to evaluate the effects of experience and PC‑based risk awareness training on drivers’ decisions. Hum Factors 2002;44:287‑302.
24
27. Roenker DL, Cissell GM, Ball KK, Wadley VG, Edwards JD. Speed‑of‑processing and driving simulator training result in improved driving performance. Hum Factors 2003;45:218‑33.
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28. Lee HC, Lee AH, Cameron D, Li‑Tsang C. Using a driving simulator to identify older drivers at inflated risk of motor vehicle crashes. J Safety Res 2003;34:453‑9.
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30. Godley ST, Triggs TJ, Fildes BN. Driving simulator validation for speed research. Accid Anal Prev 2002;34:589‑600.
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31. Kemeny A, Panerai F. Evaluating perception in driving simulation experiments. Trends Cogn Sci 2003;7:31‑7.
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32. Reed MP, Green PA. Comparison of driving performance on‑road and in a low‑cost simulator using a concurrent telephone dialling task. Ergonomics 1999;42:1015‑37.
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33. Wachtel J. Brief history of driving simulators. Tr News, 1995;45:26-7.
31
34. VerweyWB. On‑line driver workload estimation. Effects of road situation and age on secondary task measures. Ergonomics 2000;43:187‑209.
32
35. Miller S. Workload Measures. Iowa City, United States: National Advanced Driving Simulator; 2001.
33
36. Wierwille WW, Eggemeier FT. Recommendations for mental workload measurement in a test and evaluation environment. Hum Factors 1993;35:263‑81.
34
37. Charkhandaz Yeganeh R, Alimohammadi I, Abolghasemi J, Damiri Z, Parsazadeh B, Rahmani N. Validity and reliability of verbal online subjective opinion (VOSO) and modified cooper‑harper scales in measuring of mental workload. J Occup Health Eng 2016;3:24‑31.
35
38. Makishita H, Matsunaga K. Differences of drivers’ reaction times according to age and mental workload. Accid Anal Prev 2008;40:567‑75.
36
39. RumschlagG, PalumboT, MartinA, HeadD, GeorgeR, CommissarisRL. The effects of texting on driving performance in a driving simulator: The influence of driver age. Accid Anal Prev 2015;74:145‑9.
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40. Cicchino JB, McCartt AT. Trends in older driver crash involvement rates and survivability in the United States: An update. Accid Anal Prev 2014;72:44‑54.
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41. Stutts JC, Stewart JR, Martell C. Cognitive test performance and crash risk in an older driver population. Accid Anal Prev 1998;30:337‑46.
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43. Marchitto M, Benedetto S, Baccino Th, Canas JJ. Air traffic control: Ocular metrics reflect cognitive complexity. Int J Ind Ergon 2016;54:120‑30.
41
44. Bélanger A, Gagnon S, Stinchcombe A. Crash avoidance in response to challenging driving events: The roles of age, serialization, and driving simulator platform. Accid Anal Prev 2015;82:199‑212.
42
45. Tarawneh MS, McCoy PT, Bishu RR, Ballard JL. Factors associated with driving performance of older drivers. Transp Res Record 1993;1405:64-71.
43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Epidemiologic Study of Wednesday Eve Festival “Charshanbe‑Soori” in Iran ‑ 2017
Background and Purpose: Wednesday Eve Festival “Charshanbe‑Soori” is one of the famous Iranian festivals that is held on the last Wednesday of each Solar Hijri year. The ceremony is accompanied by lighting fires and fireworks. The purpose of this study was the epidemiologic investigation of incidents of Wednesday Eve Festival in 2017. Materials and Methods: This ecological study was conducted to evaluate the epidemiological features of the Wednesday Eve Festival in 2017. The research population included all patients referred toall hospitals in Iran on the last Wednesday night of th year. Two‑part questionnaire containing demographic information and burns‑related factors were used for data collection. To analyze the data, the incidents in different provinces were calculated based on factors such as age, sex, occupation, and education. Results: A total of 3285 incidents related to the Persian Wednesday Eve Festival were reported from March 2 to March 15, 2017,. The injury rate in 2017 was 4.2/100000. The highest incidence rate was found in Qazvin (15.92) and Kurdista (13.7) cities, and the lowest incidence rate was reported in Kerman (0.13) Sistan and Balochestan and Yazd (0.23)/100,000. Conclusion: Fireworks in Wednesday Eve Festival have become serious trouble, not only because nowadays principles and its traditional aspects are ignored but also it inflicts considerable harm and damage on families and our country by using destructive incendiary equipment. To prevent upcoming incidents, educating the community especially the youth and teenagers, are necessary.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118984_f258bf31fc60a0c555f6c527a34fb064.pdf
2020-07-01
124
128
Burn
Epidemiology
Injuries
Persian Wednesday Eve Festival
Hossein
Akbari
1
Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Hajijafari
2
Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
Malihe Mohammadzade
Sabbaghi
3
Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehrdad
Jazayeri
4
Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Sadat Asgarian
5
Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Jing Y, Yi-Qiao X, Yan-Ning Y, Ming A, An-Huai Y, Lian-Hong Z. Clinical analysis of firework-related ocular injuries during Spring Festival 2009. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010;248:333-8.
1
2. Vahdati SS, Gadim JH, Mazouchian H. Fireworks-related injuries in Iran: A survey following the 2014 new year’s festival in Tabriz. Trauma monthly 2016;21. 3. Isa A, Moe H. Fireworks related injuries during Hari Raya festival in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia–1986 to 1990. Med J Malaysia 1991;46:333-7.
2
4. Aghaee A, Rezaee S, Haddadi M, Eini E. Epidemiology of firework injuries Chahar Shanbeh Soori eve ceremony, in Iran. Advances in Nursing & Midwifery. 2012;21:30-6.
3
5. Hatamabadi HR, Tabatabaey A, Heidari K, Khoramian MK. Firecracker injuries during Chaharshanbeh Soori festival in Iran: A case series study. Arch Trauma Res 2013;2:46-9.
4
6. Chang IT, Prendes MA, Tarbet KJ, Amadi AJ, Chang SH, Shaftel SS. Ocular injuries from fireworks: The 11-year experience of a US level I trauma center. Eye (Lond) 2016;30:1324-30.
5
7. Tavakoli H, Khashayar P, Amoli HA, Esfandiari K, Ashegh H, Rezaii J, Salimi J. Firework-related injuries in Tehran’s Persian Wednesday eve festival (Chaharshanbe Soori). The Journal of Emergency Medicine.2011;40:340-5.
6
8. Center IS. Selected General Population and Housing Census, Available from: http://www. amar. org. ir/Portals/0. Files/abstract/1390/ sarshomari90_nahaii. pdf. 2011. [Last accessed on 2014 Sep 20].
7
9. Olaitan P, Olaitan J. Burns and scalds--epidemiology and prevention in a developing country. Niger J Med Natl Assoc Resident Doctors Nigeria 2005;14:9-16.
8
10. Aghakhani K, Mehrpisheh S, Memarian A, Nikbin N. Epidemiology of caustic burns in Motahari hospital, Tehran from 2006 to 2011. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013;20:71-6.
9
11. Alavi CE, Salehi SH, Tolouei M, Paydary K, Samidoust P, Mobayen M. Epidemiology of burn injuries at a newly established burn care center in Rasht. Trauma Mon 2012;17:341-6.
10
12. Anlatıcı R, Özerdem ÖR, Dalay C, Kesiktaş E, Acartürk S, Seydaoğlu G. A retrospective analysis of 1083 Turkish patients with serious burns. Burns. 2002;28:231-7.
11
13. Karimi H, Motevalian SA, Momeni M, Ghadarjani M. Financial burden of burn injuries in Iran: A report from the burn registry program. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2015;28:310-4.
12
14. Fogarty B, Gordon D. Firework related injury and legislation: The epidemiology of firework injuries and the effect of legislation in Northern Ireland. Burns 1999;25:53-6.
13
15. Mehta DR, Suri MP, Patel CK, Agrawal AB, Vora HJ, Raibagkar SC. Fireworks injuries-epidemiology and prevention. Indian Journal of Burns. 2004;12:48.
14
16. Abdulwadud O, Ozanne-Smith J. Injuries associated with fireworks in Victoria: An epidemiological overview. Inj Prev 1998;4:272-4.
15
17. Puri V, Mahendru S, Rana R, Deshpande M. Firework injuries: A tenyear study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:1103-11.
16
18. Zohar Z, Waksman I, Stolero J, Volpin G, Sacagiu E, Eytan A. Injury from fireworks and firecrackers during holidays. Harefuah 2004;143:698-701, 768. 19. Vaghardoost R, Ghavami Y, Sobouti B, Mobayen MR. Mortality and morbidity of fireworks-related burns on the annual last Wednesday of the year festival (Charshanbeh soori) in Iran: An 11-year study. Trauma Mon 2013;18:81-5.
17
20. Vassilia K, Eleni P, Dimitrios T. Firework-related childhood injuries in Greece: A national problem. Burns 2004;30:151-3.
18
21. Philipson MR, Southern SJ. The blast component of firework injuries– not to be underestimated. Injury 2004;35:1042-3.
19
22. Al-Qattan MM, Al-Tamimi AS. Localized hand burns with or without concurrent blast injuries from fireworks. Burns 2009;35:425-9.
20
23. Witsaman RJ, Comstock RD, Smith GA. Pediatric fireworks-related injuries in the United States: 1990–2003. Pediatrics 2006;118:296-303.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparative Evaluation of Behaviors of Three Naturally Occurring Products, Namely Propolis, Milk, and Egg Albumin When Used as Storage Media in Extracted Teeth for Orthodontic Purpose
Background: The reasonably successful prognosis in retaining avulsed tooth in its respective position depends on the maintenance of the viability of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells during the replantation procedure. Various synthetic media have been tried for preserving the viability of PDL cells with considerable success. However, easy availability of these media had been a problem at various occasions. Hence, an attempt was made to test the properties of easily available natural products such as Propolis, milk, and egg albumin. Aim: This study was aimed at comparing the behaviors of three naturally available media, namely propolis, milk, and egg albumin when used as the storage media in preserving the viability of traumatized periodontal cells in an avulsed tooth. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 premolars with closed root apices indicated for the extractions for orthodontic treatment were selected. Initially, these teeth in the experimental group were stored dry immediately after the extraction for 30 minutes, and then, immersed in the respective storage media for 45 minutes. The teeth in the positive control group were assessed immediately after the extraction, whereas the negative control teeth were bench dried for 8 hrs. All the five group samples were then incubated with collagenase and phosphate‑buffered saline for 30 minutes, centrifuged and labeled with 0.5% trypan blue for the determination of cell viability. The cells were counted under the light microscope. The statistical analysis was carried out by applying the unpaired t‑test. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in viable PDL cell counts when compared amon propolis, milk, and egg albumin. Conclusions: Propolis, milk, or egg albumin could be a good naturally available storage media for avulsed teeth.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118985_2d21f145fc62f91815bf4da045ff2f05.pdf
2020-07-01
129
134
Avulsion
Cell Viability
storage media
propolis
Poonam
Shingare
1
Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Government Dental College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra
AUTHOR
Vishwas
Chaugule
2
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Amargadh, Saurashtra, Gujarat, India
AUTHOR
1. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Dental Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth. Copenhagen: Munksgarrd; 1994. p. 383‑419.
1
2. World Health Organization. Application of the International Classification of Disease and Stomatology. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
2
3. Khinda VIS, Kaur G, Brar GS, Kallar S, Khurana H. Clinical and practical implications of storage media used for tooth avulsion. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10:158‑65.
3
4. Sangappa SK, Kumar AP, Shrivastava SP. Extra‑alveolar storage media for teeth: A literature review. Int J Adv Res 2014;2:963‑72.
4
5. Oswald RJ, Harrington GW, Van Hassel HJ. A postreplantation evaluation of air‑dried and saliva‑stored avulsed teeth. J Endod 1980;6:546‑51.
5
6. Chamorro MM, Regan JD, Opperman LA, Kramer PR. Effect of storage media on human periodontal ligament cell apoptosis. Dent Traumatol 2008;24:11‑6.
6
7. Andreasen JO. Effect of extra‑alveolar period and storage media upon periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys. Int J Oral Surg 1981;10:43‑53.
7
8. Ashkenazi M, Sarnat H, Keila S. In vitro viability, mitogenicity and clonogenic capacity of periodontal ligament cells after storage in six different media. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999;15:149‑56.
8
9. Patel S, Dumsha TC, Sydiskis RJ. Determining periodontal ligament (PDL) cell vitality from exarticulated teeth stored in saline or milk using fluorescein diacetate. Int Endod J 1994;27:1‑5.
9
10. Blomlof L, Lindskog S, Andersson L, Hedstrom KG, Hammarstrom L. Storage of experimentally avulsed teeth in milk prior to replantation. J Dent Res 1983;62:912‑6.
10
11. Khademi AA, Atbaee A, Razavi SM, Shabanian M. Periodontal healing of replanted dog teeth stored in milk and egg albumen. Dent Traumatol 2008;24:510‑4.
11
12. Gopikrishna V, Baweja PS, Venkateshbabu N, Thomas T, Kandaswamy D. Comparison of coconut water, propolis, HBSS, and milk on PDL cell survival. J Endod 2008;34:587‑9.
12
13. Bankova VS, Popov SS, Marekov NL. A study of flavonoids of propolis. J Nat Prod 1983;46:471‑4.
13
14. Saluja KS, Anegundi R. Assessment of viability of human periodontal ligament cells in different fat content of Milk at different time intervals. Int J Contemp Med Res 2016;3:1376‑9.
14
15. Pileggi R, Dumsha TC, Nor JE. Assessment of posttraumatic PDL cells viability by a novel collagenase assay. Dent Traumatol 2002;18:186‑9.
15
16. Jain D, Dasar PL, Nagarajappa S. Natural products as storage media for avulsed tooth. Saudi Endod J 2015;5:107‑13.
16
17. Ozan F, Polat ZA, Er K, Ozan U, Değer O. Effect of propolis on survival of periodontal ligament cells: New storage media for avulsed teeth. J Endod 2007;33:570‑3.
17
18. Warren Strober. Current protocols in Immunology. A.3 B.1-A.3 B.2 Appendix 3B Basic protocol. Common Immunologic Techniques A.3 B.1 Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability. Supplement 21. John Wiley and Sons, Inc 1997.
18
19. Martin MP, Pileggi R. Aquantitative analysis of propolis – A promising new storage media following avulsion. Dent Traumatol 2004;20:85‑9.
19
20. Ahangari Z, Alborzi S, Yadegari Z, Dehghani F, Ahangari L, Naseri M. The effect of propolis as a biological storage media on periodontal ligament cell survival in an avulsed tooth: An in vitro study. Cell J 2013;15:244‑9.
20
21. Mahal NK, Singh N, Thomas AM, Kakkar N. Effect of three different storage media on survival of periodontal ligament cells using collagenase‑dispase assay. Int Endod J 2013;46:365‑70.
21
22. Casaroto AR, Hidalgo MM, Sell AM, Franco SL, Cuman RK, Moreschi E, et al. Study of the effectiveness of propolis extract as a storage medium for avulsed teeth. Dent Traumatol 2010;26:323‑31.
22
23. Babaji P, Melkundi M, Devanna R, Suresh BS, Chaurasia VR, Gopinath PV. In vitro comparative evaluation of different storage media (hank’s balanced salt solution, propolis, aloe vera and pomegranate juice) for preservation of avulsed tooth. Eur J Dent 2017;11:71‑5.
23
24. American Association of Endodontists. Recommended Guidelines for the Treatment of the Avulsed Permanent Tooth. Chicago, II: American Association of Endodontists; 1995.
24
25. Gamsen EK, Dumsha TC, Sydiskis R. The effect of drying time on periodontal ligament cell vitality. J Endod 1992;18:189.
25
26. Harkacz OM, Carnes DL Jr., Walker WA. Determination of periodontal ligament cell viability in the oral rehydration fluid gatotade and milk of varying fat content. J Endo 1997;23:687‑90.
26
27. Goswami M, Chaitra T, Chaudhary S, Manuja N, Sinha A. Strategies for periodontal ligament cell viability: An overview. J Conserv Dent 2011;14:215‑20.
27
28. Rozenfarb N, Kupietzky A, Shey Z. Milk and egg albumen are superior to human saliva in preserving human skin fibroblasts. Pediatr Dent 1997;19:347‑8.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Protocol of Identification of Effective Factors in Reducing Fall among the Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review
Background: The patient’s fall is one of the factors threatening the patient’s health in hospitals and medical centers. More than 12% of patients fall once during the hospitalization period, which in some cases leads to disability or death. Therefore, falling prevention is one of the essential issues in the hospital and requires interventions. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effective factors in controlling the hurts caused by patient fall. Methods: This study was conducted to present a protocol for identifying the effective factors of patient fall in hospitals. For this purpose, four international databases were investigated and searched, in two phases (databases are Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, along with Google Scholar). First, we selected and categorized the articles, using PRISMA instruction for systematic review studies. In the second phase, the findings were analyzed using thematic analysis; then, categories and subcategories were mextracted. To examine the quality of studies, critical appraisal skills program, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklists were applied. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020161328. Ethics and Dissemination: There is no human participation in the study, and after data analysis, the author prepared an article for a specialized journal. Permission to the study was obtained from the ethics committee of the Faculty of Health and Safety, affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118986_e33671727da6143d72c4bf09045e2de2.pdf
2020-07-01
138
138
Fall
Hospital
Hospitalization
Patient
Prevention
Sayedeh Somayyeh
Mousavipour
1
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zohre
Ghomian
2
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Nouri
3
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Davoud
Khorasani-Zavareh
4
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Bachri S, FahmalAM, Hafidz MM. Hospital responsibility to the patients in implementation of health care. J Nurs Health Sci 2017;6:47‑52.
1
2. Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, Shaw FE, WhiteheadA, Genc Y, et al. Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: Systematic review and meta‑analyses. BMJ 2007;334:82.
2
3. Oliver D, Healey F, Haines TP. Preventing falls and fall‑related injuries in hospitals. Clin Geriatr Med 2010;26:645‑92.
3
4. Miake‑Lye IM, Hempel S, Ganz DA, Shekelle PG. Inpatient fall prevention programs as a patient safety strategy: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:390‑6.
4
5. Healey F, Oliver D, Milne A, Connelly JB. The effect of bedrails on falls and injury: A systematic review of clinical studies. Age Ageing 2008;37:368‑78.
5
6. Oliver D, Papaioannou A, Giangregorio L, Thabane L, Reizgys K, Foster G. A systematic review and meta‑analysis of studies using the STRATIFY tool for prediction of falls in hospital patients: How well does it work? Age Ageing 2008;37:621‑7.
6
7. Tinetti ME. Multifactorial fall‑prevention strategies: Time to retreat or advance. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:1563.
7
8. MacCulloch PA, Gardner T, Bonner A. Comprehensive fall prevention programs across settings: A review of the literature. Geriatr Nurs 2007;28:306‑11.
8
9. Choi YS, Lawler E, Boenecke CA, Ponatoski ER, Zimring CM. Developing a multi‑systemic fall prevention model, incorporating the physical environment, the care process and technology: A systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2011;67:2501‑24.
9
10. Chen JS, Simpson JM, March LM, Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Lord SR, et al. Risk factors for fracture following a fall among older people in residential care facilities in Australia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:2020‑6.
10
11. Coussement J, De Paepe L, Schwendimann R, Denhaerynck K, Dejaeger E, Milisen K. Interventions for preventing falls in acute and chronic‑care hospitals: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:29‑36.
11
12. Kerzman H, Chetrit A, Brin L, Toren O. Characteristics of falls in hospitalized patients. J Adv Nurs 2004;47:223‑9.
12
13. Chen YC, Chien SF, Chen LK. Risk factors associated with falls among Chinese hospital inpatients in Taiwan. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009;48:132‑6. 14. Haidarpour p, Dastjerdi R, Rafiei S, Sadat SM, Mostofian F. Familiarity with the basics of clinical governance. Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2011. p. 112.
13
15. LiberatiA, Altman DG, TetzlaffJ, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, IoannidisJP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta‑analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2009;6:e1000100.
14
16. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle‑Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta‑analyses. Eur J Epidemiol 2010;25:603‑5.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Impact of Prehospital Emergency Services on the Outcome of Trauma Patients
Background and Objectives: Trauma is one of the most important health problems in the world, and shock index is a good tool for evaluating trauma patients in emergency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of prehospital emergency on the outcome of trauma patients. Methods: In this cross‑sectional study, we investigated the records of 359 patients referred to the emergency department; they were selected non‑randomly. Demographic information, trauma mechanism, patients’ transportation, location and duration of hospitalization and the final outcomes of the patients were evaluated. the predictive power of the shock index in hospitalization and mortality was studied. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The results of study showed that 73.3% of patients were male and 26.7% were female with a median of 30 years. Car and motorcycle accidents and falling from altitude were the most common mechanisms of trauma and cause of death. Time interval between trauma and emergency shock index and patient status was normal and significant (P < 0.7). Conclusion: The rate of patients who were transferred by EMS is equal with those transferred by witness. Patients who had normal shock index with delay transfer time had a significantly high mortality rate.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118987_ff108237ecf72b307448888195cf9154.pdf
2020-07-01
139
142
Emergency Department
mortality
Prehospital
Trauma
Mahboub
Pouraghaei
1
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Samad Shams
Vahdati
2
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Payman
Moharamzadeh
3
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Laleh
Abrishami
4
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Moloud
Balafar
5
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Norton R, Kobusingye O. Injuries. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1723‑30.
1
2. Bryant RA, Creamer M, O’Donnell M, Silove D, Clark CR, McFarlane AC. Post‑traumatic amnesia and the nature of post‑traumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2009;15:862‑7.
2
3. Feero S, Hedges JR, Simmons E, Irwin L. Does out‑of‑hospital EMS time affect trauma survival? Am J Emerg Med 1995;13:133‑5.
3
4. Newgard CD, Schmicker RH, Hedges JR, Trickett JP, Davis DP, Bulger EM, et al. Emergency medical services intervals and survival in trauma: Assessment of the golden hour in a North American prospective cohort. Ann Emerg Med 2010;55:235‑46.
4
5. Gonzalez RP, Cummings GR, Phelan HA, Mulekar MS, Rodning CB. Does increased emergency medical services prehospital time affect patient mortality in rural motor vehicle crashes? A statewide analysis. Am J Surg 2009;197:30‑4.
5
6. Petri RW, Dyer A, Lumpkin J. The effect of prehospital transport time on the mortality from traumatic injury. Prehosp Disaster Med 1995;10:24‑9.
6
7. McGuffie AC, Graham CA, Beard D, Henry JM, Fitzpatrick MO, Wilkie SC, et al. Scottish urban versus rural trauma outcome study. J Trauma 2005;59:632‑8.
7
8. Eachempati SR, Robb T, Ivatury RR, Hydo LJ, Barie PS. Factors associated with mortality in patients with penetrating abdominal vascular trauma. J Surg Res 2002;108:222‑6.
8
9. McCoy CE, Sampson MM, Anderson S, Kahn CC. Emergency medical services out‑of‑hospital scene and transport times and their association with mortality in trauma patients presenting to an urban Level I trauma center. Ann Emerg Med 2013;61:167‑74.
9
10. Harmsen AM, Giannakopoulos GF, Moerbeek PR, Jansma EP, Bonjer HJ, Bloemers FW. The influence of prehospital time on trauma patients outcome: A systematic review. Injury 2015;46:602‑9.
10
11. Allgöwer M, Burri C. Shock index. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1967;92:1947‑50.
11
12. Zamani M, Esmailian M, Mirazimi MS, Ebrahimian M, Golshani K. Cause and final outcome of trauma in patients referred to the emergency department: A cross sectional study. Iran J Emerg Med 2014;1:22‑7.
12
13. Kariman H, Hatamabadi HR, Mirfazli SA. The agreement of shock index and base defects in determining the severity of shock in multiple trauma patients. Iran J Emerg Med 2016;3:132‑7.
13
14. Zargar M, Modaghegh MH, Rezaishiraz H. Urban injuries in Tehran: Demography of trauma patients and evaluation of trauma care. Injury 2001;32:613‑7.
14
15. Yousefzadeh S, Ahmadi DM, Mohammadi MH, Dehnadi MA, Hemati H, Shaabani S. Epidemiology of Injuries and their Causes among Traumatic Patients Admitted into Poursina Hospital, Rasht (second half of the year 2005).Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (Behbood) Fall 2007:11; 286-95.
15
16. Farzandipour M, Ghatan H, Mazrouei L, Nejati M, Agha BT. Epidemiological study of traumatic patients referred to neghavi hospital of kashan. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Spring 2007:11; 58-68.
16
17. Greenspan L, McLellan BA, Greig H. Abbreviated injury scale and injury severity score: A scoring chart. J Trauma 1985;25:60‑4.
17
18. Amani F, Habinzadeh SH, Rostami KH. Specifications of traumatized patients referring to Fatemi hospital of Ardabil. Sci J Ardabil Univ Med Sci 2009;9:13‑22.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Management of Shaft of Femur Fracture in a Patient with Underlying Arteriovenous Malformation with an Intramedullary Nail
Magnetic resonance imaging showed extensive intraosseous femoral involvement of the vascular malformation, and the canal was deemed to be wide enough for a nail based on the radiograph templates and computed tomography (CT) scan. The patient was given four sessions of stereotactic external beam radiotherapy preoperatively, and closed reduction and internal fixation was performed using a proximal femoral nail without any complications. Radiographic evidence of fracture union was observed at 4 months. Fracture fixation by closed reduction can be either intramedullary fixation or external fixation based on the adequacy of the canal as determined by radiograph and CT scan. Preoperative measures to decrease vascularity such as stereotactic radiotherapy and angiographic embolization can be undertaken to reduce bleeding. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve the management of fractures in a patient with AVM.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118988_b475546a313902d8b3310c903544d609.pdf
2020-07-01
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146
Arteriovenous malformation
Femur
fracture
Intramedullary Nail
radiotherapy
Deepak
Kumar
1
Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
AUTHOR
Praveen
Sodavarapu
2
Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
AUTHOR
K.
Nikhil Raj
3
Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
AUTHOR
Vishnu
Baburaj
4
Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
AUTHOR
1. Jończyk J, Szubert W, Panasiuk M. Pathological subtrochanteric femoral fracture due to extensive arterio‑venous malformation. A case study. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil 2015;17:297‑303.
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2. Ohshika S, Yanagisawa M, Tsushima F, Ishibashi Y. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of a rare case of femoral intraosseous arteriovenous malformation in a patient with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2019;10:587‑91.
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3. Stein M, Guilfoyle R, Courtemanche DJ, Moss W, Bucevska M, Arneja JS. The “little AVM”: A new entity in high‑flow versus low‑flow vascular malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2014;2:e187.
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4. TakeuchiA, Matsubara H, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Miwa S, Igarashi K, et al. Successful treatment of pathologic femoral shaft fracture associated with large arteriovenous malformations using a 3‑dimensional external fixator and teriparatide: A case report. BMC Surg 2019;19:35.
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5. Gupta Y, Jha RK, Karn NK, Sah SK, Mishra BN, Bhattarai MK. Management of femoral shaft fracture in Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome with external fixator. Case Rep Orthop 2016;2016:8505038.
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6. Nahas S, Wong F, Back D. A case of femoral fracture in Klippel– Trenaunay syndrome. Case Rep Orthop. 2014;2014:548161.
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7. Notarnicola A, Pesce V, Maccagnano G, Vicenti G, Moretti B. Klippel‑Trenaunay syndrome: A rare cause of disabling pain after a femoral fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2012;132:993‑6.
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8. Tsaridis E, Papasoulis E, Manidakis N, Koutroumpas I, Lykoudis S, Banos A, et al. Management of a femoral diaphyseal fracture in a patient with Klippel‑Trenaunay‑Weber syndrome: A case report. Cases J 2009;2:8852.
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9. Gibbon WW, Pooley J. Pathological fracture of the femoral shaft in a case of Servelle‑Martorell syndrome (phleboeclatic osteohypoplastic angiodysplasia with associated arterio‑venous malformation). Br J Radiol 1990;63:574‑6.
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10. Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Bissonette DJ, Jungreis CA, Maitz AH, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations of the brain. J Neurosurg 1991;75:512‑24.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Woman with Knife In situ of Chest
The violence can be physical, psychological or sexual. Physical violence can be by the use of sharp objects. Chest stab wounds with retained penetrating objects are rare. Here, we have reported a case with a knife impaled in her upper back who was treated successfully without any complications. A 35‑year‑old woman presented to our emergency department with an in situ knife at T4–T5 level. Neurologic examination revealed normal and bed side sonography reveals no free fluid in the abdomen, but lung sliding was disrupted on the left hemithorax without evidence of tamponade. A portable chest‑x ray showed that the knife passes through an oblique track from right to left. The patient transferred to the operating room and the 50 cm knife removed without traumatic force. Limited thoracotomy with chest tube placement was done. We have reported a case report of an in situ knife at the upper back of a young woman who was successfully treated. The patient was stabbed in the upper back due to her husband’s violence and the knife passes through an oblique track from right to left without any vascular injury. We stabilized the patient and used bedside sonography as a modality for diagnosis and decision making.
https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_118989_0c943e6dec7e5dc3b6456d6a7d99cc9d.pdf
2020-07-01
147
148
Stab
Violence
Wound
Sayyed Majid
Sadrzadeh
1
Department of Emergency, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Behrang Rezvani
Kakhki
2
Department of Emergency, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Elnaz
Vafadar Moradi
vafadarme@mums.ac.ir
3
Department of Emergency, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Paria
Khosravi
khosravip962@mums.ac.ir
4
Department of Emergency, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Choo EK, Linden JA. Intimate partner violence and abuse. In: Swadron SP, Gruber PF, editors. Rosens Emergency Medicine. 9th ed. United State of America: Elsevier Companies; 2018. p. 758‑65.
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2. Novakov IP. Thoracic stab wound: A curious case report. Clin Surg 2018;3:2183.
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3. Agarwal P, Burke JF, Abdullah KG, Piazza M, Smith BP, Thawani JP, et al. Stab wound to the intramedullary spinal cord: Presurgical and surgical management options for a retained blade to optimize neurological preservation. Surg Neurol Int 2016;7:S1096‑8.
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4. Meer M, Siddiqi A, Morkel JA, Janse van Rensburg P, Zafar S. Knife inflicted penetrating injuries of the maxillofacial region: A descriptive, record‑based study. Injury 2010;41:77‑81.
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