@article { author = {Ainy, Elaheh and Soori, Hamid and Ganjali, Mojtaba and Basirat, Behzad and Haddadi, Mashyaneh}, title = {Cost Estimation of Road Traffic Injuries Among Iranian Motorcyclists Using the Willingness to Pay Method}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.23198}, abstract = {Background Motorcycle riders are amongst some of the most vulnerable road users. The burden of motorcycles injuries from low and middle income countries is under-reported. Objectives In this study, the cost of traffic injuries among motorcyclists was calculated using the willingness to pay (WTP) method in Iran in 2013. Patients and Methods In a cross-sectional study, 143 motorcyclists were randomly selected. The research questionnaire was prepared based on the standard WTP method [stated preference (SP), contingent value (CV) and revealed preference (RP) models] taking into consideration perceived risks, especially those in Iran. Data were collected by a scenario for motorcyclists. The criteria for inclusion in the study consisted of having at least a high school education and being in the age range of 18 - 65 years. The final analysis of the WTP data was performed using the Weibull model. Results The mean WTP was 888,110 IRR (Iranian Rial) among motorcyclists. The statistical value of life was estimated according to 4694 death cases as 3,146,225,350,943 IRR, which was equivalent to USD 104,874,178 based on the dollar free market rate of 30,000 IRR (purchasing power parity). The cost of injury was 6,903,839,551,000 IRR, equivalent to USD 230,127,985 (based upon 73,325 injured motorcyclists in 2013, a daily traffic volume of 311, and a daily payment of 12,110 IRR for 250 working days). In total, injury and death cases came to 10,050,094,901,943 IRR, equivalent to USD 335,003,163. Willingness to pay had a significant relationship with having experienced an accident, the length of the daily trip (in km), and helmet use (P < 0.001). Conclusions Willingness to pay can be affected by experiencing an accident, the distance of the daily trip, and helmet use. The cost of traffic injuries among motorcyclists shows that this rate is much higher than the global average. Thus, expenditure should be made on effective initiatives such as the safety of motorcyclists.}, keywords = {Willingness to pay,Cost,road traffic injury,Iran}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62252.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62252_0510e968b37f61e98b1fd9193fdee007.pdf} } @article { author = {Khatri, Kavin and Sharma, Vijay and Farooque, Kamran and Tiwari, Vivek}, title = {Surgical Treatment of Unstable Distal Radius Fractures With a Volar Variable-Angle Locking Plate: Clinical and Radiological Outcomes}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.25174}, abstract = {Background Unstable distal end radius fractures are difficult to manage and so various treatment modalities have been described. The use of variable-angle locking plates is promoted for the management of these fractures. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes in unstable distal end radius fractures treated with variable-angle locking plates. Patients and Methods We reviewed 23 unstable distal end radius fractures that were treated at our institution with volar variable-angle locking plates. The mean age of the patients was 32.82 ± 11.81 years (range 19 to 62) and the mean duration of follow-up was 11.04 ± 2.47 months (range 6 to 15). All of the patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation with a variable-angle locking plate. Radiological parameters such as radial inclination, length, tilt, and ulnar variance were measured at six weeks and at the final follow-up. The functional evaluation was conducted by measuring the range of motion at the wrist joint as well as the grip strength. Gartland and Werley’s demerit scoring system was used to assess the final outcome. Results There were two cases of superficial infection that responded to oral antibiotics. One patient had developed a hypertrophic scar, while another had carpal tunnel syndrome that was conservatively managed. There was a significant improvement in the functional indices from six weeks to the final follow-up, while the radiological parameters were maintained. According to Gartland and Werley, excellent results were reported in 65.2% cases, while good results were present in 35% cases. Conclusions The use of variable-angle locking plates in treating unstable distal end radius fractures is associated with excellent to good functional outcomes with minimal complications.}, keywords = {Bone Plates,radius,Volar Plate,Fracture fixation,Internal,Injury,Wrist}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62253.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62253_f2a79fe55646a873f2d16e4141034102.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghiasi, Samad and Banaei, Mehdi}, title = {Bilateral Facial Paralysis Caused by Temporal Bone Fracture: A Case Report}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.26892}, abstract = {Introduction Although bilateral facial nerve palsy is a rare condition, its etiology is more detectable than the unilateral type. A temporal bone fracture is one cause of bilateral facial nerve palsy, contributing in 3% of the cases. Case Presentation Here, we report the case of a 35-year-old man complaining of bilateral incomplete eye closure, two weeks after a closed head injury caused by a motor vehicle accident. Conclusions The high resolution computed tomography findings revealed a bilateral temporal bone fracture line, which extended to the fallopian canal. With regard to treatment, near complete recovery was obvious after two weeks of treatment with oral corticosteroids. Overall, bilateral facial palsy is hard to diagnose; therefore, clinical suspicion and the early detection of facial nerve injuries is necessary for good nerve recovery in temporal bone fractures.}, keywords = {Bilateral Facial Paralysis,fracture,Temporal Bone}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62254.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62254_4983ea4d09fd6afb6727d5489774ec8d.pdf} } @article { author = {Khorshidi, Ali and Ainy, Elaheh and Hashemi Nazari, Seyed Saeed and Soori, Hamid}, title = {Temporal Patterns of Road Traffic Injuries in Iran}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.27894}, abstract = {Background Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the main causes of death and disability in Iran. However, very few studies about the temporal variations of RTIs have been published to date. Objectives This study was conducted to investigate the temporal pattern of RTIs in Iran in 2012. Materials and Methods All road traffic accidents (RTAs) reported to traffic police during a one-year period (March 21, 2012 through March 21, 2013) were investigated after obtaining permission from the law enforcement force of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Distributions of RTAs were obtained for season, month, week, and hour scales, and for long holidays (more than one day) and the day prior to long holidays (DPLH). The final analysis was carried out using the Poisson regression model to calculate incidence rate ratios for RTIs. All analyses were conducted using STATA 13.1 and Excel software; statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results A total of 452,192 RTAs were examined. The estimated rate of all accidents was 219 per 10,000 registered vehicles, or 595 per 100,000 people. About 28% of all RTAs, and more than one third of fatal RTAs, occurred during the summer months. The incidence rate for all traffic accidents on DPLH was 1.20, compared to workdays as a reference category, and it was 1.40 for fatal crashes. The rate of fatal road traffic accidents in outer cities was 3.2 times higher than in inner ones. Conclusions Our findings reveal that there are temporal variations in traffic accidents, and long holidays significantly influence accident rates. Traffic injuries have different patterns on outer/inner city roads, based on weekday and holiday status. Thus, these findings could be used to create effective initiatives aimed at traffic management.}, keywords = {Temporal pattern,road traffic injury,Iran}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62255.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62255_72c367fd5955120f2872e1a15ec71369.pdf} } @article { author = {Hashemi, Behrooz and Safari, Saeed and Hosseini, Mostafa and Yousefifard, Mahmoud and Erfani, Elham and Baratloo, Alireza and Rahmati, Farhad and Motamedi, Maryam and Forouzanfar, Mohammad Mehdi and Najafi, Iraj}, title = {A Systematic Review of Iranian Experiences in Seismo-Nephrology}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.28796}, abstract = {Context Crush syndrome and its potentially life-threatening complications, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), are one of the most important medical problems of disaster victims. However, today, many unanswered questions abound about the potential risk factors of crush syndrome, predictive factors of AKI, proper amount of prophylactic hydration therapy, type of fluid, time of continuing fluid, intravenous versus oral hydration, etc. Therefore, this study was designed to review the findings on Iranian nephrologist experiences in diagnosis and management of traumatic rhabdomyolysis following the last two strong earthquakes of Bam (2003) and Manjil-Rudbar (1990). Evidence Acquisition The study was conducted according to the MOOSE reporting guideline. A literature review was conducted on the nephrologic aspects of earthquakes in Iran. Relevant articles were identified through a comprehensive search of online databases until 2014. The search was limited to articles studying the Iranian population published in English and Persian languages. The validated combination of MeSH terms and key words was used. In addition, a manual search was run among the references of all articles that met the entrance criteria and previous reviews. Only cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies were enrolled. Two reviewers independently reviewed the eligible studies, and another reviewer contributed in case of a disagreement. Basic information from each study was evaluated from the aspects of purpose and design, year of publication, methodology, main population, and source of data. The quality of the included studies was assessed using methods guide for effectiveness and comparative effectiveness reviews. Two reviewers independently rated each paper as “good”, “fair”, or “poor”. Results A total of 1256 non-duplicate articles were identified, but only 35 potentially relevant papers were screened. Finally, 21 articles were found eligible and studied in details. In addition, one unpublished report was included. In the quality assessment, two articles had poor quality, and thus only 20 were finally included in the systematic review. No publication bias (coefficient = −2.28; 95% Confidence interval: −6.17 - 1.78; P = 0.26) was observed among the included studies. Conclusions A few eligible articles on seismo-nephrology were found in Iran, and a limited number of current articles had poor or fair quality. As expected, the chaotic situation after mass disasters and the lack of documentation led to the loss of much important data on the diagnosis and management of victims. Lessons learned from the current researches can be used as a valuable guide for future studies.}, keywords = {Rhabdomyolysis,Crush Syndrome,Acute kidney injury,Earthquake,Disaster Medicine}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62256.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62256_481d39b3162058dece4fcfd19f69fedf.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahesh Patni, Pallav and Jain, Pradeep and Jain Patni, Mona}, title = {A Conservative Approach to the Management of a Dental Trauma for Immediate Natural Esthetics}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.29042}, abstract = {Introduction The fracture of front teeth is one of the routine presentations of traumatic injuries. The treatment of a fractured tooth involving the pulp includes root canal therapy and post placement followed by core build-up or by the extraction of the fractured tooth if it is not restorable. Case Presentation We report a case of an adult male who had traumatized both his maxillary central incisors following a blow experienced during domestic violence. He had lost a fractured fragment of the right central incisor, while the left incisor had complicated fractures with fragments retained attached to the soft tissue. Following radiovisiography (RVG), both incisors were conservatively treated in a single visit by reattachment and post and core techniques. Conclusions The treatment reported for reattachment of the tooth fractures and post and core techniques are reasonably easy while providing immediate and lasting results in patients’ regaining of social confidence and functionality.}, keywords = {Composite Resins,Esthetics,Tooth Fractures,Wounds and Injuries}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62257.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62257_6a1cad16912441e6d3d63f85f19d9550.pdf} } @article { author = {Mirzaei, Mohsen and Mirzadeh, Mahboobahsadat and Shogaei Far, Hossein and Mirzaei, Mojtaba}, title = {Trends in Road Traffic Deaths in Yazd, Iran, 2004 - 2010}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.29266}, abstract = {Background Road traffic deaths are a considerable public health problem and a major source of lost financial and human resources. Most mortality occurs in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives This study aimed to measure road traffic fatality rates and years of lost life, and also to depict a view of trends in road traffic deaths from 2004 to 2010 in Yazd city, a province in central Iran. Materials and Methods This retrospective case study analyzed road traffic deaths that were classified under the V01 - V99 codes of the ICD-10 in Yazd province from March 2004 to March 2010, using data that were collected from the death registration system of the Yazd province health center. Cases were classified according to age, sex, time of year, and residence (urban vs. rural). Years of lost life and road fatality rate per 100,000 people were calculated. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and ANOVA with SPSS 16. Results During the seven-year period of this study, 3,028 people in Yazd province died due to road traffic accidents (9.1% of total deaths in the province). Most deaths occurred among people aged 20-24 (15%), men (82.7%), and urban residents (82.6%). Total years of lost life (YLL) were 73,875 (60,337 and 13,489 in men and women, respectively). The road traffic fatality rate per 100,000 was 47.6 in 2004 and 37.6 in 2010. In the study period, the rate of traffic fatalities decreased for men (from 77.9 to 68.5) but this is not the case for women (from 14.8 to 19.2). Road traffic deaths peaked every summer. Conclusions Despite the overall reduction trend, the road traffic fatality rate in Yazd province is still alarmingly high compared to national and global data. In addition, the female population shows increasing death rates. These findings can serve as a basis for health care professionals and policymakers to conduct preventive measures, especially during summer, and plan specifically for reducing fatalities in the female population.}, keywords = {Traffic,Accidents,mortality,Trends,Years of potential life lost}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62258.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62258_48a61e3ba0b1b58d3d4855cf18e4bb60.pdf} } @article { author = {Shafiei, Elham and Fakharian, Esmaeil and Omidi, Abdollah and Akbari, Hossein and Delpisheh, Ali}, title = {Effect of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Demographic Factors on Psychological Outcome}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.29729}, abstract = {Background It is well-known that severe brain injury can make people susceptible to psychological symptoms. However, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is still open for discussion. Objectives This study aimed to compare psychological symptoms of MTBI patients with those without MTBI considering demographic auxiliary variables. Patients and Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted on 50 MTBI patients and 50 healthy subjects aged 15 - 65 years. Psychological assessment was carried out six months post-injury using a series of self-report measures including the brief symptom inventory (BSI) scale. Other information of the individuals in the two groups was recorded prospectively. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, t-test, and multiple linear regression tests. Results There was a significant difference between the MTBI patients and healthy subjects in all subscales and total score of BSI. Our findings showed that obsession-compulsion and anxiety subscales were significantly more common in the MTBI patients than in the healthy subjects. Also, multivariate regression analysis six months post- injury showed that head trauma and substance abuse can have an effect on psychological symptoms. Conclusions Mild traumatic brain injuries despite of the normal CT scan and history of substance abuse are closely related to psychological symptoms. Therefore, it is recommended that patients with brain trauma 6 months post-injury and subjects with a history of substance abuse be evaluated for psychological distress to support better rehabilitation.}, keywords = {Mild Traumatic Brain Injury,psychological symptoms,Brief Symptom Inventory}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62259.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62259_8c6d52231a4e76903cb8f759d925545b.pdf} } @article { author = {Posluszny, Joseph A. and Napolitano, Lena M.}, title = {Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier for Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock Treatment in a Jehovah’s Witness}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.30610}, abstract = {Introduction Treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock due to acute blood loss from traumatic injuries in a Jehovah’s witness (JW) trauma patient is very challenging since hemostatic blood product resuscitation is limited by refusal of the transfusion of allogeneic blood products. Case Presentation We describe a multifaceted approach to the clinical care of a severely anemic JW trauma patient including the early administration of a bovine hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) as a bridge to resolution of critical anemia (nadir hemoglobin 3.9 g/dL). Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier infusions were used to supplement oxygen delivery until endogenous erythropoiesis could restore adequate red blood cell mass. Subsequent endogenous bone marrow recovery was supported by early administration of high-dose erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and iron supplementation. Conclusions Early HBOC administration can be used in the treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock in trauma patients who refuse allogeneic blood.}, keywords = {Anemia,Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agents,Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carrier,Hepcidin,Iron,Jehovah’s Witness}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62260.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62260_fa3a165881f586cef1920aa632c4fa1b.pdf} } @article { author = {Decker, Sebastian and Otte, Dietmar and Muller, Christian Walter and Omar, Mohamed and Krettek, Christian and Haasper, Carl and Brand, Stephan}, title = {Road Traffic Related Injury Severity in Truck Drivers: A Prospective Medical and Technical Analysis of 582 Truck Crashes}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.31380}, abstract = {Background While cyclists and pedestrians are known to be at significant risk for severe injuries when exposed to road traffic accidents (RTA) involving trucks, little is known about RTA injury risk for truck drivers. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the injury severity in truck drivers following RTAs. Patients and Methods Our local accident research unit prospectively documented 43000 RTAs involving 582 trucks between 2000 and 2011. Injury severity, including the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and the maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS) were analyzed. Technical parameters (e.g. delta-v, direction of impact), the location of accident, and its dependency on the road type were also taken into consideration. Results Thirteen percent (77/582) of truck drivers were injured. Extremities were found to be at highest risk of injury with the lower extremities (36x) being injured most severely (10x: AIS 2 and 3). Death occurred only after collisions with other trucks, and severity of injuries increased with an increased speed limit. The maximum abbreviated injury scale was higher in the crash opponents (56x MAIS ≥ 3) compared to the truck drivers (8x MAIS ≥ 3). Overall, 82% of the crash opponents were injured. Conclusions The safety of truck drivers is assured by their vehicles, the consequence being that the risk of becoming injured is likely to be low. However, the legs especially are at high risk for severe injuries during RTAs. This probability increases in the instance of a collision with another truck. Nevertheless, in RTAs involving trucks and regular passenger vehicles, the other party is in higher risk of injury.}, keywords = {Trucks,Abbreviated Injury Scale,Trauma}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62261.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62261_a78c79b99741b412baa31a3ae1818db2.pdf} } @article { author = {Assari, Shervin and Moghani Lankarani, Maryam and Caldwell, Cleopatra Howard and Zimmerman, Marc A}, title = {Fear of Neighborhood Violence During Adolescence Predicts Development of Obesity a Decade Later: Gender Differences Among African Americans}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.31475}, abstract = {Background African American youth are more likely than other racial and ethnic groups to be obese. African American youth are also more likely to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods which increase their victimization, observation, and fear of violence. Objectives This study tested if victimization, observation, and fear of violence in the neighborhood during adolescence predict trajectory of body mass index (BMI) in the 3rd decade of life in African Americans. Patients and Methods Data came from an 18-year community-based cohort. We used multi-group latent growth curve modeling for data analysis, considering neighborhood violence at age 15 (i.e. victimization, observation, and fear) as predictors, and the linear slope for the average change in BMI from age 21 to 32 as the outcome, with age and socioeconomic status (i.e. intact family and parental employment) as covariates. Results Fear of neighborhood violence at age 15 was predictive of an increase in BMI from age 21 to 32 among female but not male African Americans. Victimization and observation of violence at age 15 did not predict BMI change from age 21 to 32 among female or male African Americans. Conclusions Fear of neighborhood violence is a contributing factor to increased risk of obesity for female African American youth who live in disadvantaged areas. This finding has implications for prevention of obesity among African American women who are at highest risk for obesity in the United States. Initiatives that enhance neighborhood safety are critical strategies for obesity prevention among African American women.}, keywords = {Violence,African Americans,Obesity,Emerging Adulthood}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62262.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62262_b59381c1b904d5033108b525d0d86c40.pdf} } @article { author = {Salamati, Payman and Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa}, title = {Hajj Stampede in Mina, 2015: Need for Intervention}, journal = {Archives of Trauma Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {-}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Kashan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2251-953X}, eissn = {2251-9599}, doi = {10.5812/atr.36308}, abstract = {}, keywords = {Wounds and Injuries,Saudi Arabia,Mass Casualty Incidents}, url = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62263.html}, eprint = {https://archtrauma.kaums.ac.ir/article_62263_9eb5aeb96f4da9e7c46d755c12a2a862.pdf} }